Address Racial Inequalities Past And Present - 1247 Words

Title: How to address Racial Inequalities: Past and Present Introduction It is no secret that racial inequalities exist today and have for many years now. They have existed at many levels including institutional, collective, and personal. In this paper, I plan to show how previous policies created these inequalities, and explain how we can address these issues at all levels. I will also show which policies have had an impact on minorities in contributing to greater equality. For racial inequality at the personal level, I chose to look at the perception of racial inequalities through the eyes of white America. First I wanted to address the idea of color blind racism. Bonilla-Silva explains how white America believes that â€Å"the nation is beyond race†¦.and believes they have nothing to do minorities issues with racial inequality.† When whites are asked about racial inequality toward blacks they use the â€Å"it wasn’t me† stance to deny any responsibility. By doing this they are suggesting that there are alternative perspectives or reasons for minorities standing in society but not racism. There is the sense that white America uses this stance to indirectly â€Å"blame the victim†. For example, rather than credit the racial inequalities that blacks faced for many years, white America will cite personal responsibility over racial discrimination as to why blacks can’t get ahead. White America is not used to e xperiencing racial inequalities, and are able to ignore racismShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy s Civil Rights Address1032 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States. He was in office from January 20, 1 to November 22, 1963. When he was assassinated. He fought for protecting the rights of all who wish to be free. Kennedy gave a speech called â€Å"Civil Rights Address† in June of 1963. He Spoke about dealing with equal opportunity and inequality in the United states calling it a moral crisis. Kennedy states, â€Å"I am, therefore, asking the Congress to enact legislation giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the publicRead MoreAffirmative Action in Colleges1218 Words   |  5 PagesHispanics. In order to combat this gap, the Kennedy administration in 1961 instituted a policy called affirmative action aimed towards counteracting the racial and socioeconomic disadvantages that these minority groups have. Opponents of affirmative action argue t hat this violates the 14th Amendment, creates reverse discrimination and reinforces racial inequality. Meanwhile, the supporters of affirmative action claim that it is necessary to create equal opportunity for every person and as a way for addressingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Black Community Labeling Who Is More Oppressed Than Whom1723 Words   |  7 Pageswhy Wilson argues that class based programs are more effective than race based approaches in dealing with the issues of poverty and inequality. Why? Do you agree of disagree with his argument? In More Than Just Race, William Julius Wilson argues that class based programs are more effective than race based approaches in dealing with the issues of poverty and inequality by explaining the inner city behavior. Wilson explains that the inner city behavior suffer from many years of exposure to the similarRead MoreThe Issue Of Teacher Quality1322 Words   |  6 Pagesaid, scholarships, experienced teachers and good grades. Schools that are filled with low-income colored students across the country are far more likely to have inexperienced teachers, bad grades, very little opportunities for economic funding and racial segregation compared to schools in wealthier areas. The issue of teacher quality is considered significant to growing efforts to understand and decrease gaps in achievement between students of color and students that are white. Students of color inRead MoreHow The Past Present And Future Has Given Our Society1468 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 1 DB 1 PSF8606 Introduction As this learner looks around she can see how the past, present and future has given our society so many questions about other races, their cultural, and racial inequality, which can affected us in one way or another. This leaner thinks that the best example for this would be 9/11. It made some of us afraid and fears a certain individuals and their culture, based on the ground shaking history and image it left behind. Before, we might not have thought or paid muchRead MoreAnalyzing Racial Inequality : Past, Present, And Future Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing Racial Inequality: Past, Present, and Future Racial matters are often times disregarded as a prevalent issue in today’s time. There have been a great amount of attempts to rectify the matter in question, but the result remains the same—obliviousness from the write race. Ta-Nehisi Coates thoroughly addressed this topic in his book titled Between the World and Me. Coates is an American writer and journalist who analyzes political and social issues as they pertain to African Americans; hisRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson : The Progressive Era1651 Words   |  7 Pagesand social changes made to move away from a laissez-faire government to a more active government by the administrations of these presidents. Prior to this period, Americans had to suffer through poor working conditions, low wages, social and class inequality and become victims to large corporations that took advantage of the people. In particular, the administrations of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson established the key principles and ideas of economic reform and social reform, which would endRead MoreThe New Eldercare Service Model Must Be One Of Inclusion1293 Words   |  6 Pageslife. The wealth disparity between racial and ethnic groups is a historical legacy of racial discrimination embedded in our country’s history and political practices. It seems as if the present political situation is supporting those who already have the majority of wealth in America. To address health disparity, wealth disparity must also be addressed. We must ask ourselves, how long will the public continue to accept the rationales that facilitated the present wealth accumulation into the handsRead MoreWhat Was The Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement was issued to end racial segregation against African Americans and to provide the equal citizenship rights mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. It occurred between 1954 and 1968, especially in the South and was a struggle by African Americans to achieve civil rights equal to whites including equal availability in employment, housing, education, freedom to vote, equal access to public facilities, and free of racial discrimination. Before Civil Rights Movement Act, AfricanRead MoreThe Problem Of Environmental Racism916 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, we are going to provide a quick overview of what environmental justice is and when this phenomenon started to then analyze the dilemma of environmental racism in minorities’ neighborhoods. At the same time we will try to present some solutions to the matter as well as explain if we believe that this kind of social-race problem could be addressed in a near future or it will be ignored and forgotten by the new generations. The environmental justice movement is tightly related to the

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Asian Americans Academic Success - 1728 Words

School Attendance and Family Expectations Among Asian Americans Race, gender and education are status determinants in today’s society. Asian Americans’ academic success comes from a combination of helpful parents, a motivation to succeed, a supportive academic space, a supportive community and economic resources. In this paper, I will argue that Asian Americans attend college due to their cultural roots and familial expectations. Along the way to success are some hardships like stereotypes, gender differences and economic difficulties, but there is also prosperity in means of cultural and familial involvement. Compared to other racial or ethnic backgrounds, hard work and education are frequently viewed as being factors that all Asian†¦show more content†¦Teachers were given a list of these students. Not knowing the students were chosen at random, the researchers called this the Pygmalion Effect, or a self-fulfilling expectation. In the first and second grade th e student’s grades improved dramatically and 47 percent of those students gained 20 points on an IQ test they took. Since the teachers had higher expectations for these students, this made the students feel more capable of doing things (Kristof, 2015). Stereotypes have a lot to do with the effects of an individual’s success or a group’s success. The article uses a stereotype that Asian Americans are supposed to be good at math, and even though some can live up to that expectation, troubles are created for those who cannot live up to that expectation. This stereotype makes Asian Americans less focused on being personally creative and seems more focused on memorization, sticking to the book and following equations. According to a TED Talk starring Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the danger of a single story is explained. The danger of a single story is a critical misunderstanding of a certain culture, or a person. Adichie reminds the listeners that we must tell our own stories that are about our own personal experiences because stereotypes are incomplete. She explains how single stories rob people of dignity and they emphasize how people are different rather than similar. When we reject the single story,

Medicinal Chemistry

Questions: 1. Consider, for example, conducting a microbiological assay where inhibition of growth of bacteria is determined when different concentrations of drugs are applied. What factors may lead to variability or errors within the results and how could these variations or errors be minimised?2. Why is it important to have information on physico-chemical properties (such as logarithm of the octanol:water partition coefficient (log P) and log aqueous solubility (log S)) in drug development i.e. what role do these properties play in determining formulation and drug uptake / distribution in the body?3. Is predicting ADME and potential toxicity of drug candidates early in the drug development process important or should the focus of research be to maximise efficacy of the candidate molecules? Your answer should include a discussion of the advantages and limitations of using simple screening tools, such as Total polar surface area (TPSA), violations for Lipinskis Rule of Fives and number of rotat able bonds may be used in screening and normalised occurrence ratios (NORs), potential toxicity and metabolism? Answer: 1. Microbiological assays are mostly conducted in the laboratory to check the bacterial growth inhibition in the presence of different drug concentration. This can be performed in a plates containing growth medium. Zone of equivalence is found within the plates, which represents the concentration at which a particular microbial growth is inhibited by particular drug (Zuccheri and Asproulis, 2012). Various factors may affect the results. These are improper preparation of growth medium, improper selection of the population number, imbalanced moisture, pH, nutrient content of the growth medium. These errors can be minimized by maintaining proper sterile condition during growth medium preparation, correct selection of drug concentration. 2. LogP and logs coefficients are distinguished as the most important parameters for lipophilicity assessment, estimation of chemical compounds solubility and determination of pharmacokinetic properties. Tendency of molecules to get dissolve in lipids is generally calculated as logP. Tendency of molecules to get dissolve in water lipids is generally calculated as logS (Sun, 2004). So, when a drug molecule is developed, it is very much essential to understand the basic property of that particular molecule, whether that molecule will be taken up by the human system and distributed properly within a certain period of time, hence quantification of logP and logs is very much significant. 3. Prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and potential drug toxicity initially during the drug development process is important and the related research focus should be made to maximize the effectiveness of the candidate molecule. This is because it helps in predicting enzyme inhibition, such as: CYP3A4 Noninhibitor, CYP2D6 Noninhibitor, CYP2C19 Noninhibitor, CYP2C9 Noninhibitor, CYP1A2 Inhibitor. Fluvoxamine is a strong CYP1A2 Inhibitor and inhibits some of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, like: CYP3A4, CYP2C9 etc. Thus, fluvoxamine prevents few metabolic pathways from recompensing for CYP1A2 inhibition. This type of enzymatic inhibition or non-inhibition can be predicted with the help of screening tools, which is considered as advantage. Disadvantages may include unrestrained adsorption methods or matrix trapping or covalent bound or immobilization methods, low quantity enzymatic activity along with the limitation of mass transfer. ADME properties include abs orption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and potential drug toxicity and these properties determine the drug disposition once a drug enters into the system. Total polar surface area or TPSA of a candidate molecule is identified as the sum of the surface over polar atoms, for example: nitrogen, oxygen, including attached hydrogens (Chatwal, 2010). TPSA is used to optimize the ability of a candidate drug to permeate cells. Molecules with more than 140 squared are likely to be poor at cell membrane permeation. Lipinskis rule of five evaluates drug-likeliness and find out whether a chemical compound with particular biological or pharmacological activity has characteristic properties, which would make the compound an expected orally active medicine in humans. Mostly orally consumed drugs are comparatively small and lipophilic molecules. The advantage of Lipinskis rule of five is that it illustrates the significance of certain molecular properties for a particular drug pharmacokine tics inside the human system. This includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The major disadvantage of this rule is that it does not calculate whether the candidate molecule is active pharmacologically. To predict a candidate molecule, the atomic environment in the candidate molecule is calculated and then database is searched for comparable surroundings. Occurrence ratio measures how often the similar surrounding has been discovered, compared with how frequently it has been found out in total, and then is calculated for individual atom in the candidate molecule (Carlsson et al., 2010). This ratio present comparative probability of metabolism taking place at individual atom but the disadvantage is that it does not predict whether the candidate molecule undergoes metabolism. References Carlsson, L., Spjuth, O., Adams, S., Glen, R. and Boyer, S. (2010). Use of historic metabolic biotransformation data as a means of anticipating metabolic sites using MetaPrint2D and Bioclipse.BMC Bioinformatics, 11(1), p.362. Chatwal, G. (2010).Medicinal chemistry. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Sun, H. (2004). A Universal Molecular Descriptor System for Prediction of LogP, LogS, LogBB, and Absorption.Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 44(2), pp.748-757. Zuccheri, G. and Asproulis, N. (2012).Detection of pathogens in water using micro and nano-technology. London: IWA Publishing.